Igor E. Kuznetsov

Publications

• Review   
  Nalbuphine Nasal Spray: Proven Medication and New Capabilities
  Author(s): Igor E. Kuznetsov* and Volodymyr G. Tymko
  

  Abstract

  Nalbuphine is a potent opioid analgesic that is not under the Controlled Substance Act (CSA). It exhibits agonistic effects on kappa and antagonistic on mu-receptors, which explains its unique pharmacodynamic properties of combining equal to morphine analgesic efficacy with favourable side effects profile. Nalbuphine has been widely used to treat acute, perioperative, and chronic pain since the 1980. Nalbuphine is available as a parenteral solution only; oral forms do not use due to poor oral bioavailability (about 15%) caused by extensive presystemic metabolism. The sole availability of injectable nalbuphine medications drastically limits the utilization of this non-scheduled potent opioid analgesic with a wide therapeutic window and low incidence of side effects outside the clinical settings. Considering the need for practical medicine in non-injectable nalbuphine preparations bypas.. Read More»
  

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